Vice Policy

Vice Policy.

Its time for us all to wake up. To realize our own foreign policy. The see how it hurts other, and us. From Terrorism, to oil, to drugs, and political prisoners we have our hands in it all. This book will finally relieve all the terrible policies of the U.S.

Vice: An evil, degrading, or immoral practice or habit; A serious moral failing; Wicked or evil conduct or habits; corruption.

Terrorism: The unlawful use or threatened use of force or violence by a person or an organized group against people or property with the intention of intimidating or coercing societies or governments, often for ideological or political reasons.

Imperialism: The policy of extending a nation's authority by territorial acquisition or by the establishment of economic and political hegemony over other nations.(2) The system, policies, or practices of such a government.

civil liberties: Fundamental individual rights, such as freedom of speech and religion, protected by law against unwarranted governmental or other interference.

The United States' idea of how to stop or answer the Challenge of terrorism and how to 'secure' our interests has changed little over the years. The theory the US has, is that with enough well placed bombs, with enough key figures taken down, the attacks with just stop, and our interests secure. The idea is that we go in, take down governments unfavorable to us, to our interested, and of course supporting "those who hate freedom" (George Bush). Then set up our own. We feel that force should be answered with yet, more force, that it is America's way, or get the hell our of our way.

We should be able to crush any opposition to are ways, are freedoms our securities, right? Could one possibly argue that we are using all our power with any real type of responsibility? Sure we provide aid, etc. However those are just scratching the surface. When you look past all the glimmer and shine, you see a different us of power. Soon the abuse of power comes to light. The truth is, it's there. It's an ugly fact of our past, and present we must live with. A fact we can no longer ignore.

For decades, ever since the end of the second world war, the United States has been involved in millions of killings around the world. Many like Vietnam, and Korea you here about in history class. The killing fields didn't exist with American involvement there alone. Other countries were greatly effected in negative ways by the United States Foreign police.

If I think American foreign policy is to a product American geographic, cultural and intellectual isolation, combined with a belief in American cultural supremacy, a near xenophobic disregard for foreign ideas, and a tendency to understand nationalism in only the most jingoistic terms, does that make me anti-American? The question ultimately revolves around what it means to be American. I don't think that it is so easy to separate the guilt of America's leaders from the people who created them, elected them and supported them. True, America's politicians do not and never have encompassed all that America is. To say that many Americans have the flaws I named in the first paragraph is not to say that America has no virtues. However, I am hard pressed to say that America's virtues are truly American while it's faults are only the faults of its leadership.

The US is not a dictatorship, even dictatorships, usually, need public consent to survive. People in Afghanistan and Iraq have suffered and died because of the policies of their Un-eleceted leaders. Americans have to take at least some responsibility for their elected leaders.

(Note: Taken from GNN. The other sources used By Anthany Lappe Listed on the last page)

Philippines(Yes, its pre-WWII, but it sets the whole tone) "The 1899 Filipino-American War is one of those nasty little conflicts that you won’t find a lot about in your high school history textbook. Call it the first Vietnam. During the 1898 Spanish-American War, the U.S. help the Filipinos gain independence from Spain. Then they declare the country an American colony. A brutal war follows. Many of the scorched-earth tactics used in Vietnam are first used here. More than 100,000 Filipinos die. A large anti-imperialism movement starts in the U.S. “We do not intend to free, but subjugate the people of the Philippines. We have gone there to conquer, not to redeem,” wrote early celebrity activist Mark Twain.

In 1945, the Americans come back to the Philippines. Even though they have a common enemy - Japan - America fights leftist forces known as Huks. The U.S. defeat the Huks, and install a series of puppet presidents, culminating in the absurdly corrupt Ferdinand Marcos. He and his high-heel-obsessed wife bilk the poverty-ridden country dry for three decades, until retiring comfortably in Hawaii. "

Iran "1953 - The CIA’s first big takedown. The democratically elected Prime Minister Mossadegh had to go. He was talking crazy talk, like nationalizing Iran’s oil. A CIA-sponsored coup restores the Shah to absolute power that begins 25 years of repression and torture. Iran’s oil is returned to its rightful owners, the Americans and British. This, of course, sets the stage for a radical Islamic revolution in 1979, when the Ayatollah Khomeini takes over, holds Americans hostage, burns many American flags, and pisses off rednecks across America. "

Guatemala "1953 - Jacobo Arbenz also had to go. The progressive democratically elected president is also talking that crazy talk - you know, land reform, civil liberties, nationalizing the Washington-connected United Fruit Company. The CIA organizes a massive disinformation campaign and coup. Next up: 40 years of bad, bad things you don’t even want to think about - American-trained death squads, torture, disappearances, mass executions. Victims: 100,000+."

Middle East "In the 50s, the Eisenhower Doctrine stated the United States “is prepared to use armed forces to assist” any Middle East country “requesting assistance against armed aggression from any country controlled by international communism.” In other words, no one is allowed to fuck around in the Middle East or its oil fields except the United States. The U.S. tries to overthrow the Syrian government (twice), lands 14,000 troops in Lebanon, and conspires to overthrow and assassinate Arab nationalist Nasser in Egypt. U.S. supports Israel with billions of dollars of aid, despite its harsh treatment of Palestinians and massacres in Lebanon. "

Indonesia "1957 - President Sukarno is another troublemaker. He takes back Indonesian companies from their former colonial master, the Dutch. He takes a trip to Moscow. He refuses to crack down on communists. The CIA launches a disinformation campaign, tries to blackmail him with a fake sex film, plots his assassination, and hooks up with dissident military officers to start a full-scale war against the government. Sukarno, unlike many on the Agency’s hit list, somehow survives. 1965 - Sukarno is finally overthrown by General Suharto. The U.S. helps him track down anyone suspected of being communist. The New York Times calls what follows “one of the most savage mass slayings of modern political history.” Up to one million die. "

Cambodia "1969 - Nixon and Kissinger begin their secret “carpet bombings” of Cambodia. They say it is to kill Vietcong hiding out in the Cambodian jungle. Hundreds of thousands of Cambodian civilians die. 1970 - Washington finally helps overthrow troublesome Prince Sihanouk in a coup. The U.S. enlists the genocidal maniac Pol Pot and his Khmer Rouge to help fight the Vietcong. Five years later, Pol Pot takes over, declares “Year Zero,” kills anyone with an education, or even wearing glasses, and sends everyone to the countryside to work in agricultural labor camps. More than two million die in his “killing fields”"

The Congo/Zaire "1960 - Patrice Lumumba becomes the Congo’s first prime minister after independence from Belgium. But the Belgians don’t quite leave. They keep their hands on the vast mineral wealth in the Katanga province, where the Americans also have a piece of the action. Lumumba is defiant, calling for the Congo’s economic and political liberation. In other words, he is doomed. In January 1961, he is assassinated with help from the CIA, under orders from Eisenhower himself. His body is chopped up into little pieces and burned in acid. Mobutu Sese Seko takes over, changes the name to Zaire, and begins one of the most corrupt and bloody dictatorships in modern times. Even his CIA handlers are amazed at his cruelty. Thirty years later, despite its rich natural resources, the people of the Congo are still dirt-poor, Mobutu is a multibillionaire, and the country is in chaos. In 1997, Mobutu is overthrown, and retires to the Cote d’Azur. The country slides into a civil war that has killed more than one million. "

Cuba "1959 - The Americans begin a comically disastrous campaign to oust Castro. They help launch a full-scale invasion at the Bay of Pigs and are crushed. They launch gunboat attacks, bombings, biological warfare. New evidence has just come out that the CIA even considered committing terrorist acts and then blaming them on Cuba as a pretext to invade again. They try to send Castro exploding cigars. Spray poison on his beard. The U.S. issues sanctions and a trade embargo that, more than anything, ensures Castro remains in power. "

Chile "1973 - Salvador Allende was a “dangerous” man. He was popular, democratically elected, and a leftist. Against the objections of many inside the US State Department, the CIA, pushed by Kissinger, helps the military overthrow the government. Allende is killed. General Pinochet closes off the country to the outside world. Tanks roll in, soldiers round up students, stadiums turn into execution fields, the country is gripped by fear. For two decades, Pinochet rules with a brutal hand, and thousands of students, union organizers and other bad apples are “disappeared”.

East Timor "December 1975 - Indonesia invades the small island of East Timor, which had proclaimed its independence after Portugal left. The day before, U.S. President Ford and Secretary of State Kissinger were in Indonesia meeting with Indonesian President Suharto. Amnesty International estimates that by 1989, Indonesian troops had killed 200,000 people out of a population of between 600,000 and 700,000. The U.S. supplies Indonesia with aid, guns, and training throughout. "

Nicaragua

"1978 - the leftist Sandinistas overthrow the U.S.-backed Somoza dictatorship. Reagan becomes obsessed with taking out the Cuba-and-Soviet-friendly government, enlisting an army of mercenaries, drug dealers and ex-Somoza National Guardsmen. The Contras attack schools and medical clinics, raping, torturing, mining harbors, and bombing. When Congress cuts off funds, Reagan’s “freedom fighters” are financed by CIA drug-dealing and secret arms sales to Iran in what comes to be known as the Iran-Contra Affair. "

El Salvador "During El Salvador’s bloody civil war (1980-92), the U.S. funds, trains, and secretly fights alongside a military that operates less like a traditional army than a loose confederation of homicidal fraternities. By the end of the war, 75,000 Salvadorans are dead. "

Panama "During the 80s, Manny Noriega was George Bush’s boy. On the CIA payroll, he helped the U.S. run drugs, launder money and ship arms to its operations in Nicaragua and El Salvador. Turned out he was helping Castro, laundering money for Pablo Escobar, and talking smack about U.S. imperialism. Plus he knew way too much about the whole Iran-Contra scandal. In December 1989, Bush sends in the Green Berets to arrest him for drug dealing. A whole Panama City barrio is leveled. The official body count is 500-something, others say 3,000. Noriega sits in a Florida jail feeling confused."

Iraq "In the 80s, Saddam Hussein is America’s ally. The U.S. sends him weapons and money as he fights a seemingly endless war against Iran, murders his political opponents, and gasses the Kurds. In 1991, Saddam is pissed off at neighboring Kuwait (a country invented by Britain) for undercutting the price of oil. He invades. The U.S. forms an international coalition to “liberate” Kuwait. Saddam sends an army of barefoot conscripts. For more than 40 days and nights, 177 million pounds of bombs fall on Iraq - the most concentrated aerial onslaught in the history of the world. The U.S. uses cancer-causing depleted uranium weapons; they bury soldiers alive; they bomb retreating troops and civilians. At the war’s end, the U.S. turns its back on the Kurds and other anti-Saddam forces. While Saddam remains in power, U.S. sanctions and continued bombing keep food, medicine, and clean water from everyday Iraqis. According to the UN, over one million Iraqis have died, half of them children."

Afghanistan "Beginning in the 1970s, the U.S. pours billions of dollars into overthrowing a pro-Soviet government. The CIA funds, trains, and arms a guerrilla army of Islamic extremists known as the Mujahideen. The Soviets are driven out, in their version of Vietnam. More than a million Afghan are dead, three million disabled, and five million made refugees. The country slides into civil war in which an even more radical group of Pakistan-educated students and uneducated hillbillies known as the Taliban take over. The country becomes a haven for anti-American terrorists groups and women-haters. Lies flourish. While outwardly criticizing the Taliban, behind the scenes the CIA and American oil companies jockey for leverage to build a pipeline across the country."

Colombia "2001- Colombia’s three-decade-old civil war is still going strong, despite, or one might say, as a result of $1.4 billion of U.S. military aid. The country is a chaotic death trap. Marxist rebels hold large portions of the country; American mercenaries and defense department front companies like DynCorp are covertly helping the inept Colombian military; right-wing paramilitaries are massacring civilians; and everyone has their hands in the super-lucrative drug trade. Most people don’t know that American forces have been around for while. In the early 90s, a secret group code-named Centra Spike launch a covert operation to take out Pablo Escobar, a major cocaine lord who made the fatal mistake of giving money to the poor and talking shit about American imperialism. The Colombian government and the secret American unit go into business with Escobar’s rival the Cali Cartel. Escobar is finally killed. The Cali Cartel’s power is solidified and the flow of cocaine into the U.S. only increases. "

This type of foreign policy plays into terrorism, hatred and criticisms of the US. Yes, it is very true, terrorism is practiced by the ones who the power. Such as Osama Bind Laden. Poverty does not breed terrorism. The sentiment of the Third World countries is still the same: 'We are not happy with the way the more power nations (European Union, US, Canada, Etc.) treat us' If our country goes in to the streets of any Third World nation, there are those who will object. However, their voices are often lost with in the sea of the bias main-stream media, and are made to be the outsiders. We need to view the world through a different set of eyes. Paul Martin for example said: " We've got to understand that our way is not the only way of looking at the world."

Since S-11, the date that has been considered the moment when the whole western world was menaced. There have been many statements about Islam being the root of the problems. That no other country, or set of countries has had reactions such as these. The example of Latin America is used. Well the truth is it occurs within these countries as well. The west is just seemingly blind to these facts. Of course those living the powerful western nations will cringe when they hear these facts. The victims relatives will be outraged. When putting things into perspective, we only feel these tragedies from our own home-front. We tend not to care about those half way around the world.

We care not who are bombs fall on, who our sanctions kill, who are puppet governments oppress. As long as we have our interests secured, and our freedom "protected". These people are hundreds, or thousands of miles away. The facts we must face, is that no matter how powerful the west is, we must weigh what we do carefully, or else we will risk more attacks, more criticism, more hatred of our land, government and people. This is not about poverty. Poverty does not breed terrorism. It is about justice, for a countries sovereignty. While the means of terrorism can not be justified, it can be, at least, no provoked.

The War on Drugs

While evil is abroad in the land, as it most definitely is in contemporary America, it is wrong to be silent, to look the other way, as the "good Germans" did during the Nazi persecutions. To ignore this evil that is obviously present around you is to allow it to flourish. Is to allow this evil to create the imprisonment of hundreds of thousands on your fellow citizens. Their crime, might you ask, is addiction.

This war of evils, is not something that is easily remedied. During the past few decades a group of a select few have lied and deceived the American people. This small unscrupulous people, addicted to money and power is the evil. Through this groups willingness to destroy American resolve to understand why it exists and why it continues to exist. The solution is best summed up as, "Just Say Know" Knowledge is power. It shall be the sword we Wheeled, you finely eliminate this evil in our land, our world.

This campaign of questioning and reform shall begin here. Why does this war on drugs persist? Through the foreign policy of the US, the need to acquire large sums of money is obvesly seen by now, if you have read any of this book. Congress won't sanction money for all operations around the world. Nor, is congress told of all the operations, bother militarily and politically carried out around the world. The simplest answer to these money woes, is the super-lucrative drug trade.

Anyone willing to take the time to do some research can find evidence of this. The world wide, US sponsored drug prohibition, a.k.a. the war on drugs, is the primary tactic for keeping the prices of items such as crack, cocaine, and heroine high. This ensures high profits, despite the social and personal damage done. These actions will, of course, continue until their are no "threats" to US interests, allies and freedoms. Again the answer to the problem is question, and reform, both socially and legally.

When the world's traditional inebriative substances become illegal commodities, they become worth as much as precious metal, precious metal that can be farmed. ... Illegal drugs, solely because of the artificial value given them by Prohibition, have become the basis of military power anywhere they can be grown and delivered in quantity. To this day, American defense contractors are the biggest drug-money launderers in the world.

Any means may be used to attain the end. One useful means is the exploitation of the urge humans have to modify their consciousness by eating, drinking, smoking or snorting substances found to produce desirable effects. Humans have done it for ages. Bring in a capitalist socio-economic system and you have a sure way to make a lot of money. Especially if consumer prices can be jacked way up.

The US War on Drugs seemingly has lasted forever. Year after you it becomes crazier and crazier. This, so called war ruins more and more lives, and drives the US deeper to the pit of social disaster. How is it possible that this insanity persists (even though intelligent and rational people have been pointing out for many years how crazy and evil it is)for an understanding of what lies behind this monstrosity.

America, with less than 5 percent of the world population, has a quarter of the world's prisoners. There are six times as many Americans behind bars as are imprisoned in the 12 countries that make up the entire European Union, even though those countries have 100 million more citizens than the United States.

In August 2000, the U.S. Department of Justice revealed that the number of men and women behind bars in the U.S. at the end of 1999 exceeded two million and the rate of incarceration had reached 690 inmates per 100,000 residents - a rate Human Rights Watch believed to be the highest in the world

This unrelenting war on drugs continued to pull down hundreds of thousands of drug offenders into the criminal justice system: 1,559,100 people were arrested on drug charges in 1998; approximately 450,000 drug offenders were confined in jails and prisons. According to the Department of Justice, 107,000 people were sent to state prison on drug charges in 1998, representing 30.8 percent of all new state admissions. Drug offenders constituted 57.8 percent of all federal inmates. - Human Rights Watch World Report 2001: United States

The real problem with drugs in the modern world is that they are illegal. Put simply, the Drug War exists primarily to support - financially and otherwise - the maintenance of the criminal status of the possession of certain drugs so that those (mostly on the payroll of the federal government) who profit big - directly or indirectly - from the supply of prohibited drugs can continue to do so, at the expense of everyone else, and especially at the expense of the hundreds of thousands of people imprisoned for "victimless" crimes.

This is a scandal, and a disgrace of the first, magnitude. It will become for the United States of America a source of enduring shame and infamy. By the end of the 1980's it was calculated that the illegal use of drugs in the United States now netted its controllers over $110 billion a year. - Modern Times

CIA, Propaganda and Drugs

The well established facts of the CIA are interfearence in international politics, as well as a disregard for international law(the same law we like others to follow). However, the less know fact of the CIA is that the intelligence agency conducted the same covert operations at home. In breach of its own charter and the National Security Act of 1947.

Operatives with academic cover have worked extensively with agency for years, on campuses around the world. They have written books, articles and reports for Use on the US. All done with CIA sponsorship and control. They have spied on foreign nationals at home and abroad. The CIA has regularly recruited students and teachers for the agency. Conferences have been hosted with secret CIA backing under the cover of scholarly, to promote disinformation. They collect extensive data under the disguise of research of Third World movements, opposed to US interference.

In 1956 the Asia Foundation, established by the CIA provide $88 Million in funding each year. For years this foundation sponsored research, supported those lovely disinformation conferences, ran academic exchange programs, funded anti-Communist academics in Various Asian countries. A large number of American academics also participated.

From 1955 to 1959, Michigan State University was under a $25 million contract with the CIA to provide academic cover to five CIA agents stationed in South Vietnam. Their jobs included drafting the South Vietnamese government's Constitution and providing police training and weapons to the repressive Diem regime.

According to John P. Littlejohn, the CIA's deputy director of personnel, approximately 1,000 CIA employees are hired each year from campuses and two to three hundred of these become clandestine officers. Since the 1950s, the CIA conducted extensive operations within newspaper, magazine and television organizations, maintaining liaison relationships with about 50 American journalists and U.S. media organizations. An uncensored portion of the Senate's Church Committee investigation into the CIA stated: "They [the 50] are part of a network of several hundred foreign individuals around the world who provide intelligence for the CIA and at times attempt to influence foreign opinion through the use of covert propaganda. These individuals provide the CIA with direct access to a large number of foreign newspapers and periodicals, scores of press services and news agencies, radio and television stations, commercial book publishers and other foreign media outlets."

The Agency also established close links with book publishing houses and media organizations in the U.S. Between 1947 and 1967, the CIA produced, subsidized or sponsored well over 1,000 books, many of them published by cultural organizations backed by the Agency. After taking office, President Bush greatly increased the CIA's secret budget for internal spying and the number of academics on the Agency's payroll expanded sharply.

In 1982, the CIA brazenly proposed that all scientific research papers written in the United States by U.S. academics be submitted to the Agency for "prior review." And in 1986, Robert Gates, the CIA's Deputy Director for Intelligence, told university professors at a public speaking engagement that the CIA would "continue to strengthen the kinds of programs it ran in universities in the past", and "We need your help." One example of this was the case of Professor Richard Mansbach, head of the political science department at Rutgers, who assigned an undergraduate class to do data-intensive research on Western European political culture. The studies that the students carried out on Western Europe's disarmament, labor, women's and environmental movements were secretly passed on to the CIA.

Professor Nadav Safran was forced to leave his director's position at Harvard's Center for Middle Eastern Affairs in 1986, when it was revealed that he was on the CIA's payroll. He had received over $100,000 from the Agency to write a book on Saudi Arabia and $50,000 to organize a university conference on Islam. Just a year earlier, the director of Harvard's Center for International Affairs, Samuel P. Huntington, was also uncloaked as a CIA asset, having worked secretly with a CIA consultant and published documents that were funded by the Agency.

It is safe to assume that only a small number of CIA academics are ever exposed, while the great majority remain secret. It is difficult to typecast the CIA scholar. Gustav Hilger, a CIA academic who held posts at Harvard and Johns Hopkins University, was a former member of the Nazi Foreign Office. But even liberal professors have been inducted into the CIA.

James R. Hooker of Michigan State's African Studies Center was regarded as left thinking; he spoke publicly against the Vietnam War and was friendly with leaders of liberation movements in Africa and the Caribbean. However, as a CIA researcher, Hooker traveled to Africa to document the support of various political parties and eventually gave his support to UNITA and the FNLA in Angola. In 1987, Harvard University agreed to take on a $1.2 million study in conjunction with the CIA to study problems in intelligence assessment and foreign policy, using the Philippines as a model.

Just as the FBI's illegal actions against U.S. citizens did not stop with the supposed termination of its COINTELPRO program, so the termination of the CIA's Operation CHAOS never ended the Agency's criminal activities against domestic dissidents. President Reagan extended the CIA's domestic operations dramatically and the following Bush administration and CIA head William Webster both announced the need to again target political enemies of the U.S. for assassination.

The CIA is not the only U.S.-based organization with frightening domestic surveillance capacities. Using a computer system called HARVEST, the National Security Agency (NSA) can monitor thousands of phone conversations simultaneously, honing in on and recording specific conversations according to pre-programmed "trigger words" such as "Cuba," "CIA," or "protest."

FEMA developed a secret contingency plan, written as part of an Executive Order signed by President Reagan, for use in a "severe crisis." The plan calls for suspension of the Constitution, appointment of military commanders to run state and local governments, and declaration of martial law. Such a "crisis" situation includes "domestic opposition to a U.S. military invasion abroad."

Much of what was done outside the law under the COINTELPRO and CHAOS programs has since been legalized by Executive Order No. 12333, signed by the President on December 4th 1981. This gives the CIA extended license to carry out domestic operations in the United States and limits the public's access to information about these operations.

Also under Executive Order 12333, government infiltration "for the purpose of influencing the activity of domestic political organizations" has received official sanction. The CIA's methodology, applied so ruthlessly abroad, has now been given full legislation for use at home... Now under the call of fighting terrorism, and for freedom, more agencies gain great powers to spy on American Citizens.

Money Laundering, Black funding, Drugs, The CIA

Well hidden from the public eye, leading banks have connections with organized crime, and the intelligence community. They gladly turn a blind-eye to the misdeals of their clients, in order to reap huge commissions from laundering money. $6 trillion circulates around the world's financial markets. Of this $1.5 trillion is illicit, $500 billion, relates to narcotics trade. More money is spent globally on drugs then food. $200 billion of the narcotics are shipped to the U.S. each year.

How does this tie into the CIA? The CIA Needs "black" funds to finance is covert operations. They founds can not be founded by official or legal channels. They need to be virtually free of finance records. Arms and other military hardware are exchanged for narcotics. In turn these are soled for money that is used to finance further black operations.

In 1981, the Posse Comitas Act of 1878 war modified, explicitly allowing for military support for anti-drug efforts. This new legislation permitted the pentagon to provide information, equipment, training and facilities to law enforcement worldwide. The Justice Department's Office of Legal Counsel issued a secret opinion that US military personal could apprehend accuse drug traffickers abroad. A new power not even allowed at home. The Military was also allowed to act with out host country consent.

The Anti-Drug Abuse Act also of 1981, called for a significant increase in military aid to countries involved in the US "anti-drug" programs. This act also exempted Columbia from a 1974 Foreign Assistance Act ban on aid to foreign police. Further more, it authorized $15 million of military equipment for Colombia, to supposedly fight drugs. In reality it was to fight against leftists.

The results of America's drug war are plain to see. For example, in Colombia, on August 18th 1991, members of the army's counterinsurgency XIII Brigade burst into the home of political activist Antonio Palacios Urrea, murdered him and three of his children, and tortured other family members.

Military documents were leaked to Amnesty international, and confirmed that the counter-narcotics funding was going to this unit. Defense Department documents showed that all but one Colombian Amy brigade participated in massive human rights violations. They all had received US aid.

Colombian and US military documents showed that in 1991 the CIA was directly involved in designing and funding 41 intelligence agencies for the Colombian Defense Ministry. According to a leaked, classified ministry order, the networks' only function was to target "leftist subversion."

Regional commanders overseeing linked airstrips, in Peru received $10,00 per shipment of drugs. The shipments were load by soldiers onto planes bound for Colombia. McCaffrey's visit to bestow Washington's seal of approval on Montesinos was preceded by a personal letter from President Clinton praising Peru's human rights record and its "admirable progress in the war on drugs." The Problems do not live there alone. Drug trafficking with CIA involvement take place everywhere from Russia, to Canada, to Britain.

Many government's intelligence services have close relations with narcotics traffickers. Instead of reducing or repressing the drug supply, they have secretly protect them. Insuring the agency's further operation. They often eliminate the rivals of the traffickers they favor.

As special counsel Jack Blum put it: "The problem is, if you go to bed with dogs, you get up with fleas. If you empower criminals because empowering them happens to be helpful at the time, the criminals are sure to turn on you next." Under Reagan and Bush, 70% of the federal drug budget was aimed at law enforcement while only 30% was focused on education, prevention and treatment. Under Clinton, two thirds of the budget was still focused on law enforcement.

America's drug prohibition is much the same as the that of the 1920's and 1930's. The very illegality of drugs, such as, opium allows their trade for far greater profits than any other commodity. producing enormous incomes for criminal networks, with which they can purchase enough protection - politically and militarily - to survive any attempt at suppression. Many academic, drug experts and politicians in the U.S. and abroad support the radical alternative to drug prohibition and the "War on Drugs" - Legalization.

With just a stroke of the politician's pen, the spread of drug-related street crime would recede and the drug gangs would lose their markets. Unless such policies are applied with some urgency, the real war on drugs will never be won.

The findings on the CIA alone should be summed up as follows: The literature that exists of the CIA's illegal domestic operations is by no means complete, since it describes only those activities that have been uncovered, and most of those have only come to light years after the fact, because of unauthorized leaks or Freedom of Information Act requests. There is good reason to believe that the number of operations has escalated, rather than diminished