War On High-Tech Waste

War On High-Tech Waste
by William Van Winkle

By now, nearly every American realizes fossil
fuel use is detrimental to the environment. Never mind the destruction that often goes into extracting the fuels; the actual use of fossil fuels is a chief contributor to global
warming and the air pollution now sending asthma rates skyrocketing. And who can forget the images of Alaska's pristine wilderness lacquered with crude oil from the inevitable accident of the Exxon Valdez? What most Americans don't know is that a similar environmental biohazard exists in the technology industry. Every CPU,
circuit board, LCD (liquid-crystal display) screen, and CRT
(cathode-ray tube) display we use involves the use of dozens of hazardous materials. One industry study
revealed that the production of each 200mm (millimeter) silicon wafer, the bed material on which processors are built results in seven pounds of hazardous waste. As with the handling of any dangerous material, accidents happen. Thanks to Arizona-based Intel and Motorola fabrication plants, a contaminated plume" nearly ten miles long exists
below Phoenix, shrinking the already scarce amount of safe drinking water available to the city.

The SVTC (Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition;
http://www.svtc.org) is probably the single most active non-government body involved in combating tech-related environmental issues and for good reason. The SVTC's map of
hazardous air pollutants around Santa Clara County looks like a bulls-eye target with San Francisco Bay at ground zero. Silicon Valley is the nation's single most contaminated area. SVTC executive director Ted Smith
is determined to change that, however, not just
to improve the Bay area, but to make the entire world safer and more livable. His weapon of choice in this war on waste is information.
SC: Broadly speaking, what are some of the
hazards of technology production?

A: When you look at the impact of raw material extraction, the processing that goes on in the production stage, the use, as well as the disposal, there's hardly another product in the world that contains as many hazardous
materials and has such a hazardous affect on the
environment as the high tech industry. There are well over 1,000 materials used in a typical computer workstation, many of which are hazardous, some of which are not
even very well understood. At every stage of the production cycle, there are problems that have come to light. What
surprises me is that this information is still unknown to most computer users.

SC: Doesn't the computer industry have a regulatory body for this as the FDA [Food And Drug Administration] does for food?
A: Unfortunately, there's not. A law passed in 1976 called TSCA, the Toxic Substances Control Act, was designed to require premarket testing for all new chemical compounds. Of course, the materials that were in existence prior to that were grandfathered, which is a problem, but with the many, many new ones that have come onto the market, the
law just hasn't worked. There are 80,000 chemicals or so in general commerce right now and according to most of the studies I've seen, the majority of those substances have never been tested for most of the health issues we're
concerned about. Now, the EPA [Environmental Protection Agency] has gone to the Chemical Manufacturers Association and insisted that there be a crash program to test thousands of large volume chemicals for their effects, but
that's only the beginning. And there's hardly any
testing that looks at multiple compounds to explore the cumulative effects. When you work in a clean room, exposed to hundreds of different chemicals, it's like being in
a controlled rat study, only the rats are the people.

SC: What are some of the health detriments?

A: There have been several epidemiological studies. There was one study done on the drinking water in San Jose back in
the early 80s following the discovery of ground water contamination from the high tech industry. The state of California found about three times the rates of birth defects and miscarriages in that neighborhood than they'd
expected to find. There have been three other studies done with women who work inside clean rooms at the plants, and all three of those found elevated cases of miscarriages. Most of the people who work in clean rooms are women,
often immigrants or low-income women who just aren't aware of the exposures they're being subjected to. We ve been trying to convince the industry for years to do tests and find out the actual rates of cancer and birth defects among the people working in the industry, but to date the Semiconductor Industry Association and its member companies have refused to do those studies, despite pending lawsuits both in the United States and abroad. I mean, between 4 and 8 pounds of lead go into every CRT monitor, and the harmful
effects of lead have been documented for centuries.

SC: Are flat panel displays a safer alternative?

A: Instead of lead, they use mercury in the switches of flat panels, so there's a different set of issues.

SC: Given the current power crisis in California
and elsewhere, how much is technology in general or computer systems in particular to blame?

A: This is actually a really important debate right now: What is the overall role of the high-tech sector in energy
demand? People are all over the board on it, and I think we're still far from a definitive answer. On one hand, we know that the high tech manufacturing, as well as the use and recycling stages, are all very energy intensive. One study estimated that a single 6-inch semiconductor wafer required 285-kilowatt hours of energy. Manufacturing in a clean room requires a huge amount of energy just to
circulate the air. They also require huge amounts of water that requires deionization filtering, which also requires
massive amounts of energy. And a semiconductor plant will use more than a million gallons of water per day.

In the use stage, we have millions and millions of people who leave their computers on for long stretches of time, and the monitor itself is the most energy-intensive part of that.

The thing we've been focusing on recently is the
incredible proliferation of server farms. The San Jose City Council just approved a new server farm from a company called US DataPort. It ll be the largest one [server farm]
in the country. It will require 280 megawatts of power just to run that server farm. That amount would power 280,000
households. And in order to run, it'll not only require the 280 megawatts, but also backup systems because we obviously can't rely on the grid in California anymore. For its
backup systems, it has sought approval for diesel storage tanks to fuel the backup generators. Two of those tanks would be 100,000 gallons of diesel fuel each, and several others would be 20,000 gallons. That gives you some
sense of the magnitude of power needed for the Internet. And we haven't even touched on the energy required to extract the silicon and all the other high tech materials.

SC: Is it reasonable to ask people to use less technology?

A: Oh, absolutely. We are living in the age of Wintel, the duopoly between Microsoft and Intel that controls most of the new technology development. They're constantly trying to sell us more technology, more than most of us need, because they have become locked into a business model that requires selling new products rapidly. Moore's Law, which
for the last 30 years has underlain the industry's ability to double processor performance while halving size every 18 months, has meant that not only are we now stuck with
huge amounts of e-waste, but it also means that the companies involved in those kinds of activities have gotten used to an 18-month product cycle and, therefore, have to figure out new ways of selling products. The amount
of money going into advertising to create demand for products that people don't really need has been astounding. I saw a figures a couple years ago that Intel had spent billions of dollars on its advertising budget the Intel Inside program. To do that when you already have a monopoly on the market is unprecedented, and it's because Intel needs to continue to sell at the rate it has grown accustomed to.

SC: Some of your organization's statistics describe the negative effect of moving from a 200mm to a 300mm fab process, a transition the industry is now starting. Is this an argument not to advance the computer industry?

A: I don't think so. I don't think we have ever taken the position that we have to stop progress. It's not like the argument for nuclear power, although a lot of the same issues are involved. Our approach has always been to say that people deserve a responsible technology approach. That
means that there needs to be a lot more emphasis put on precaution and prevention and anticipation of unintentional
consequences. There needs to be a much longer-term view from an industry that has grown up on short-term product cycles. These are made even worse by global market pressures that require quarterly returns. There's a lot of
suffering going on right now because the financial markets are saying, "You're not meeting the projections that we anticipated, so we're going to take it out on you."
Trying to figure out how to address long-term thinking in a system that's run by global capital that demands short-term
results is, I think, the biggest challenge out there.

SC: Who's at fault - the government, capitalism,
everyone?

A: There's certainly a compelling argument that beneficiaries are a very different group of people than the people who are feeling the brunt of the downside of development. We have maps on our site that show the people who live in the most heavily polluted areas are the lowest income in communities with the highest percentage of color.
It's a pretty direct relation in all the areas we've looked at. And that applies to nations, as well as communities.

Who's to blame? That requires a fairly sophisticated answer. I think the high-tech industry has been one of the principle conduits for rapid globalization, particularly if you combine high tech with telecommunications. But with it has come this free-for-all, frontier ethic of developing markets at any cost, and it really rolled over the ability of governments to have any handle at all on how to manage and regulate that growth. The people who have been involved in making the decisions in high tech are clearly part of the reason we find ourselves in such a mess, so in that sense they certainly share in the responsibility for it. The thing that's disappointing to me is I haven t seen very
many top executives in the high-tech sector who have even recognized or thought reflectively on the effect they've had.

SC: Are there alternatives to current fabrication technologies that would be more environmentally friendly, even if the alternatives are more expensive?

A: Yeah, in some cases. Manufacturers still don't know how to make a computer chip without using arsenic or gallium
arsenide, for instance. (I think that's one of the best-kept secrets out there. We used to call Silicon Valley "Gallium Gulch" or "Arsenic Avenue.") But there are things that can be done, and some actually have been due
to various pressures. Certain materials have been phased out over the years. After seeing the really horrible consequences of being dependent on chlorinated solvents,
the industry has pretty much gotten off those - everything from trichlorethylene to CFCs [chlorofluorocarbons]. So that's been an important progression. Likewise, manufacturers have been able to phase out the glycol
ethers, which were the most implicated as reproductive hazards in the studies. But there's an awful lot of other
material used and research that needs to be done.

On the materials use side, there are many ways that companies can reduce their water and energy consumption and ways they can recycle their water. I recently visited a number of semiconductor plants in Taiwan and found sites
recycling upwards of 50% of their water. The EPA
in Taiwan is saying that in the future the companies will have to recycle 85% because of the water shortage there. [A similar situation exists] in Germany. We know there are
U.S. companies [in Taiwan] recycling upwards of 75% of their water because the government demands it, but they're not doing it here because the United States doesn't require them to. So more and more, the real environmental innovations are happening elsewhere, and we're falling into more of a second-class treatment internationally. It's
distressing.

SC: What happens to the cost of production as technologies become more environmentally friendly?

A: The fear is always that regulations will drive up the cost of production. But there's an awful lot of evidence
that actually doing things in environmentally efficient ways saves money. There's increasing evidence of this even among some of the investment houses, because environmental
effectiveness means environmental efficiency. There's an old saying: prevention pays. The companies here have spent
hundreds of millions of dollars cleaning up their ground water contamination, whereas it would have taken a much smaller investment to do it right in the first place. I think that lesson has gotten through to some degree, although it hasn't permeated organizations like it needs to. We've been trying for the last couple of years to get companies to pay attention to work that's been done by some
really excellent experts showing that if they recycle their waste water to a significant degree, they're going to save money and get a return on their investment in a fairly short time. But they're so locked into this short-term thinking that it's very difficult for them to spend money on
environmental issues unless they can be convinced of an immediate return, and they can justify it on financial grounds.

SC: What can the average technology buyer do to help the environment, and would it require a lifestyle change?

A: I wish I could say that all you have to do is
read the label to understand which products have a lesser footprint on the environment. Unfortunately, labeling is almost nonexistent. The only label of any significance at all for electronic products is the Energy Star label, and
that is right now so mainstream that it's not really driving any new conservation measures. And there's no labeling that would tell you which monitors use less lead. In fact, you won't even find anything regarding lead in the product specifications. California has just declared that at
the end of their life all CRT monitors are declared hazardous waste and can't be put in landfills. Massachusetts is the only other state that has a similar declaration, although it's based on different criteria. One of the things we're actively trying to do is get information to consumers so that they can start using their purchasing power to send a message. What we hear repeatedly from people inside of companies is, "Oh, the consumers don't
care." But it's hard to say that consumers don't care if they don't have the information with which to make an informed decision.

Eco-labels have taken hold in many parts of the world, and in fact, in Europe there are quite a few that are very
effective and well-known. The TCO [a standard for environmental labeling developed by The Swedish Confederation of Professional Employees] label, for instance, is recognized by something like 85% of the people in Sweden and acted upon in their purchasing decisions. But even the companies that qualify for those labels in Europe don't use them here in the United States.

SC: As I'm shopping for my next PC, is there any way to tell which vendors are more environmentally friendly?

A: The best way I know of at this point is to go to our Web site and look at our report card (http://www.svtc.org/cleancc/pubs/2000report.htm).
What we did was make a comprehensive survey of the manufacturers that are the main producers to try to learn about the attributes and specifications of their computers. We're starting to do that again for this year's report
card, which will be released in November. So you can go to manufacturers Web sites individually and try to find that
information (it's often not very easy to locate or absent altogether), but ours is still the best way that I'm aware of to get this information.

SC: Do you know offhand who the top two or three [vendors] are?

A: Out of the top 10, there was only one U.S. company, which itself is pretty distressing, but that company was IBM. HP [Hewlett-Packard] was maybe next. Dell and Compaq didn't come out very well, but that's based on 8 criteria with several subsets within each category.

SC: Why is it so hard to recycle a PC, much less a radio or TV?

A: The easy answer is that there are a lot of toxic materials that cost a lot of money to deal with properly. But there's also not a lot of infrastructure available, and that's one of the main things we're trying to work on now. We're following in the footsteps of the Europeans, Japanese,
and Taiwanese countries that have really established comprehensive systems that require manufacturers to take back their old electronic equipment at the end of its useful life to be either reused or recycled in a way that
will be either environmentally benign or beneficial.

SC: If people don't change their habits or demand change from public and private organizations, what will happen? Are we on a finite timeline?

A: It's hard to say. We don't have a doomsday clock, but I do think that right now is as good a time as any to take stock of what's happening for two reasons. First, we're in a downturn right now. It's a good time to get people to act differently before things gear up again. Second, we really
are in the middle of the largest industrial expansion in the history of the world, particularly the transition from 200mm to300mm [a reference to the diameter of the wafer size in processors.]. This is a perfect time to start building in new perspectives and protections as we gear up and build all this new capacity. But if we miss this window,
it's going to have profound consequences for a very long time.

___________
Name:Ted Smith
Company: SVTC (Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition)
Title:Executive Director
Facts: Smith practiced law in San Jose, Calif.,
from 1974 through 1983. He
was a "store front" lawyer, doing community law
for low-income people. He
has taught Environmental Studies at San Jose
State University and Labor
Studies at San Jose City College. He is
co-founder and coordinator of the
International Campaign for Responsible Technology
(I-CRT), an international
network committed to working for the development
of sustainable,
nonpolluting technologies. In 1982, he started
working for SVTC, a
19-year-old nonprofit organization consisting of
environmental and
neighborhood groups, labor unions, public health
leaders, people affected
by toxic exposure, and others. Smith gradually
phased out his legal
practice and began working for SVTC full time in
1984.

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