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Ed's Free
Ed was sentenced to one day time served.
Ed Rosenthal was sentenced to one day time served. No probation. He will be appealing the conviction to the 9th Circuit Court of Appeal.
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hey effthegovt,
if your going to tell it... tell it right he got 3 yrs probation..and a fine.......... was that soooo hard?
Oh ya, and a felony conviction....
if your going to tell it... tell it right he got 3 yrs probation..and a fine.......... was that soooo hard?
Oh ya, and a felony conviction....
You can correct people on here without dising them.
He's free, and justice prevailed. It's like a f**king miracle in these times that there's any justice at all.
Save your anger for the real a**holes out there, the ones in the uniforms with the guns, the ones in the Office for Special Plans, the ones signing things into law that are illegal, the ones stealing everyone's money for corporations.
He's free, and justice prevailed. It's like a f**king miracle in these times that there's any justice at all.
Save your anger for the real a**holes out there, the ones in the uniforms with the guns, the ones in the Office for Special Plans, the ones signing things into law that are illegal, the ones stealing everyone's money for corporations.
Congratulations to Ed Rosenthal! Power to the People!
This case demonstrates that even fascist governments like Nazi USA have no choice but to retreat in the face of overwhelming opposition to their vicious terrorism in the form of illegal drugs, used to perpetrate the prison-industrial complex, a jobs program for the hoodlum sector of the workingclass and its related legal system parasites, and a means of keeping the workingclass weak and divided.
The message should have been received with the passage of Prop 215 in November 1996, the medical marijuana initiative, with it passing with 55.6% of the vote or 5,382.915 votes. See:
http://vote96.ss.ca.gov/Vote96/html/vote/prop/page.961218083528.html
It passed in conservative San Diego and Orange Counties, as well as in the Bay Area, with San Francisco leading the state with 78% voting yes. See the map of the 58 counties at:
http://vote96.ss.ca.gov/Vote96/html/vote/prop/prop-215.961218083528.html
Rosenthal has still been convicted of a felony, which means he cannot vote, and he is on probation for 3 years, has to pay a $1,000 fine and $300 court costs. His appeal must be supported so that his conviction is tossed completely.
The little game the judge played in the courtroom is routine and insidious. The judge kept out the truth: Rosenthal was a licensed agent of the City of Oakland to cultivate medical marijuana. The middle class jurors learned of this outrage after the trial, and most joined in writing a letter to the judge condemning their own verdict and going public in condemning this deliberate omission of the truth. They did not know of jury nullification then, but now they and millions of others do and we can be sure juries will start to ignore the judge, especially in drug cases. The ruling class realized that the opposition was so great that they were loosing the belief of middle class jurors in the legal system which they cannot afford, and so they backed down, but not yet out.
Not only did we have this victory in California, in New York City, 60,000 people marched on a weekday, today, to repeal the Rockefeller drug laws. This was reported on Flashpoints, KPFA, 94.1 FM with interviews of the participants. See: http://www.flashpoints.net
The current news story is in anticipation at New York Newsday:
http://www.nynewsday.com/news/local/manhattan/nyc-hip0604,0,1330328.story?coll=nyc-topheadlines-left
We can expect more coverage from:
http://www.nyc.indymedia.org
We had a bright light shine on a growing movement that cannot and will not stop until all drugs are legalized, thereby taking them off the streets and eliminating their profitability. Legalizing all drugs will also eliminate most of the prison-industrial complex and its legal parasites, strengthen the movement to abolish the death penalty, and above all, make possible serious organizing of the workingclass, the overwhelming majority of the victims of these fascist drug laws.
For now, we can celebrate at a time when we have so few victories!
Power to the people! All power to the workingclass! Legalize all drugs! Abolish prisons and the death penalty! Those who labor must rule!
This case demonstrates that even fascist governments like Nazi USA have no choice but to retreat in the face of overwhelming opposition to their vicious terrorism in the form of illegal drugs, used to perpetrate the prison-industrial complex, a jobs program for the hoodlum sector of the workingclass and its related legal system parasites, and a means of keeping the workingclass weak and divided.
The message should have been received with the passage of Prop 215 in November 1996, the medical marijuana initiative, with it passing with 55.6% of the vote or 5,382.915 votes. See:
http://vote96.ss.ca.gov/Vote96/html/vote/prop/page.961218083528.html
It passed in conservative San Diego and Orange Counties, as well as in the Bay Area, with San Francisco leading the state with 78% voting yes. See the map of the 58 counties at:
http://vote96.ss.ca.gov/Vote96/html/vote/prop/prop-215.961218083528.html
Rosenthal has still been convicted of a felony, which means he cannot vote, and he is on probation for 3 years, has to pay a $1,000 fine and $300 court costs. His appeal must be supported so that his conviction is tossed completely.
The little game the judge played in the courtroom is routine and insidious. The judge kept out the truth: Rosenthal was a licensed agent of the City of Oakland to cultivate medical marijuana. The middle class jurors learned of this outrage after the trial, and most joined in writing a letter to the judge condemning their own verdict and going public in condemning this deliberate omission of the truth. They did not know of jury nullification then, but now they and millions of others do and we can be sure juries will start to ignore the judge, especially in drug cases. The ruling class realized that the opposition was so great that they were loosing the belief of middle class jurors in the legal system which they cannot afford, and so they backed down, but not yet out.
Not only did we have this victory in California, in New York City, 60,000 people marched on a weekday, today, to repeal the Rockefeller drug laws. This was reported on Flashpoints, KPFA, 94.1 FM with interviews of the participants. See: http://www.flashpoints.net
The current news story is in anticipation at New York Newsday:
http://www.nynewsday.com/news/local/manhattan/nyc-hip0604,0,1330328.story?coll=nyc-topheadlines-left
We can expect more coverage from:
http://www.nyc.indymedia.org
We had a bright light shine on a growing movement that cannot and will not stop until all drugs are legalized, thereby taking them off the streets and eliminating their profitability. Legalizing all drugs will also eliminate most of the prison-industrial complex and its legal parasites, strengthen the movement to abolish the death penalty, and above all, make possible serious organizing of the workingclass, the overwhelming majority of the victims of these fascist drug laws.
For now, we can celebrate at a time when we have so few victories!
Power to the people! All power to the workingclass! Legalize all drugs! Abolish prisons and the death penalty! Those who labor must rule!
For more information:
http://vote96.ss.ca.gov/Vote96/html/vote/p...
this guy isn't worth the jail space but he is equally unfit to be in public
Californian's and San Franciscans should support Ed Rosenthal efforts to repeal the conviction.
The pharmaceutical industry has a strangle hold on patients seeking relief from severe pain. Their products are toxic, destructive and addictive. The pharmaceutical industry rarely test for safety and efficacy in women. which is why women have higher rates of serious side-effects from pharmaceutical clinical treatments.. 51.9% of the world's population.
Get the federal government out of the patient-doctor relationship!
Shame on Justice Breyer for allowing theconviction to stand.
The pharmaceutical industry has a strangle hold on patients seeking relief from severe pain. Their products are toxic, destructive and addictive. The pharmaceutical industry rarely test for safety and efficacy in women. which is why women have higher rates of serious side-effects from pharmaceutical clinical treatments.. 51.9% of the world's population.
Get the federal government out of the patient-doctor relationship!
Shame on Justice Breyer for allowing theconviction to stand.
Hi,
Like everyone else, I am so so happy that Ed is not going to spend any more time in jail. But, I do want to make a few comments about the criticism of Justice Breyer.
Everyone has criticized him for not allowing the jurors to hear evidence about state and/or local laws, as opposed to the federal law(s) under which Rosenthal was prosecuted. My sense is that by law, Justice Breyer was not permitted to allow this aspect - state/local - of the law into evidence. This was a federal, not a state or local prosecution, therefore federal law controlled. I totally disagree with what I am almost certain was his required decision. Federal judges do not have much flexibility when they make these sorts of decisions.
In other words, I think we should be more critical of the law and the people who make the laws, and less critical of the people who enforce them with not so much flexibility.
Also, to those who are calling on Breyer to resign, I ask, and replace him with whom?? Does Bush get to appoint a replacement? If so, there is no doubt that Breyer's successor would be a nightmare come true for all of Rosenthal's supporters.
Take care, look forward to reading reaction,
Mike
Like everyone else, I am so so happy that Ed is not going to spend any more time in jail. But, I do want to make a few comments about the criticism of Justice Breyer.
Everyone has criticized him for not allowing the jurors to hear evidence about state and/or local laws, as opposed to the federal law(s) under which Rosenthal was prosecuted. My sense is that by law, Justice Breyer was not permitted to allow this aspect - state/local - of the law into evidence. This was a federal, not a state or local prosecution, therefore federal law controlled. I totally disagree with what I am almost certain was his required decision. Federal judges do not have much flexibility when they make these sorts of decisions.
In other words, I think we should be more critical of the law and the people who make the laws, and less critical of the people who enforce them with not so much flexibility.
Also, to those who are calling on Breyer to resign, I ask, and replace him with whom?? Does Bush get to appoint a replacement? If so, there is no doubt that Breyer's successor would be a nightmare come true for all of Rosenthal's supporters.
Take care, look forward to reading reaction,
Mike
The laws need to be changed! Write your legislature!
Did you know that Cannabis has many known therapeutic uses:
- reduces tumor size
- stopping asthma attacks
- reducing ocular pressure associated with glaucoma
- nausea relief from AIDS, chemotherapy, sea sickness, etc.
- anti-epilectic (without side effects)
- topical analgesic as poultice for back pain, muscle spasms, arthritis, rheumatism & cystic fibrosis
- antibibiotic , disinfectant & antiviral; direct contact with THC killed herpes virus in a University of South Florida 1990 research study
- expectorant & assists with emphysema
- aids in sleep, relaxation, depression, headache and stress relief - nonaddictive and no side effects as prescription drugs
= increases appetite; critical with cancer patients, and those with either wasting diseases or anorexia
- reduce excess saliva
Lots more info in the book "The Emperor Wears No Clothes" by Jack Herer. Great research & documentation; this book really opened my eyes about hemp.
Did you know that Cannabis has many known therapeutic uses:
- reduces tumor size
- stopping asthma attacks
- reducing ocular pressure associated with glaucoma
- nausea relief from AIDS, chemotherapy, sea sickness, etc.
- anti-epilectic (without side effects)
- topical analgesic as poultice for back pain, muscle spasms, arthritis, rheumatism & cystic fibrosis
- antibibiotic , disinfectant & antiviral; direct contact with THC killed herpes virus in a University of South Florida 1990 research study
- expectorant & assists with emphysema
- aids in sleep, relaxation, depression, headache and stress relief - nonaddictive and no side effects as prescription drugs
= increases appetite; critical with cancer patients, and those with either wasting diseases or anorexia
- reduce excess saliva
Lots more info in the book "The Emperor Wears No Clothes" by Jack Herer. Great research & documentation; this book really opened my eyes about hemp.
Some of the common side effects of marijuana are:Trouble remembering things,Sleepiness,Anxiety, Paranoia, Altered time perception, delusional ideations,psychotic episodes
Some of the common physical effects of marijuana include:Tremors,Nausea,Headache,Worsening coordination,Breathing problems,Reduced blood flow to the brain,Changes in the reproductive organs, diarrhea
Like tobacco, marijuana contains many chemicals that can hurt the lungs and cause cancer. One marijuana cigarette can cause more damage to the lungs than two packs of tobacco cigarettes, because marijuana has more tar in it and is usually smoked without filters. Unpleasant side effects from marijuana occur in about 50 to 60 percent of people who use marijuana.
AS QUOTED FROM THE BOOK "MEDICAL REPROCUSSIONS OF MARIJUANA"
by Randy Thompson M.D.
Some of the common physical effects of marijuana include:Tremors,Nausea,Headache,Worsening coordination,Breathing problems,Reduced blood flow to the brain,Changes in the reproductive organs, diarrhea
Like tobacco, marijuana contains many chemicals that can hurt the lungs and cause cancer. One marijuana cigarette can cause more damage to the lungs than two packs of tobacco cigarettes, because marijuana has more tar in it and is usually smoked without filters. Unpleasant side effects from marijuana occur in about 50 to 60 percent of people who use marijuana.
AS QUOTED FROM THE BOOK "MEDICAL REPROCUSSIONS OF MARIJUANA"
by Randy Thompson M.D.
The very word marijuana elicits a variety of responses. For Baby Boomers, it recalls the 60's -- mellow meditations interlaced with protests against the Vietnam War. For others -- people with AIDS, glaucoma, cancer, and chronic pain -- it's being touted as a wonder drug for relief of pain and suffering.
Is it a wonder drug? Let's look at other options as opposed to the benefits claimed by proponents of medical marijuana:
Standard medications have side effects that marijuana doesn't. With many pain medications, a steady level must be maintained in the bloodstream. There is no "time off" from side effects like constipation, nausea, sleepiness, sleeplessness, "brain-fog," emotional impacts, liver damage -- the list goes on and on. Drug interactions must be monitored. Liver screens are necessary to prevent toxicity.
AIDS patients have as much difficulty ingesting medications for nausea as they do food. The medications simply don't stay down long enough to take effect. Conversely, marijuana can be inhaled, can reduce nausea, and can enhance the appetite.
For patients in pain, from cancer or other diseases or injuries, standard pain medication has many side effects: constipation, nausea, "brain-fog," dulling of the mind, addiction, and the need for more medication over time. There is also often a limitation in the amount of medication, which results in unnecessary pain between doses. Marijuana has no known level of toxicity and can be taken when and as needed.
Glaucoma can be treated by several different "legal" medications, but again can have undesirable side effects.
According to the New England Journal of Medicine, January 30, 1997, "The advanced stages of many illnesses and their treatments are often accompanied by intractable nausea, vomiting, or pain. Thousands of these patients with cancer, AIDS, and other diseases report they have obtained striking relief from these devastating symptoms by smoking marijuana."
A British study found that Cannabidiol (CBD), the non-psychoactive cannabinoid of marijuana, helped patients with Huntington's Disease, epilepsy, Tourette's Syndrome, and was found to be more effective than aspirin as an anti-inflammatory agent. CBD was found to be high in hemp fiber plants while THC -- the psychoactive ingredient of marijuana -- was very low. Conversely, CBD was found to be low in drug-type marijuana plants where the THC level is high.
These researchers found that THC is high and CBD low in marijuana grown in hot climates such as India and that marijuana grown in more temperate climates is low in THC and high in CBD.
Interestingly, use of marijuana for medical purposes is not limited to the last few decades or even this century.
From 1840 to 1900, more than 100 articles were published in European and American medical journals on the therapeutic use of the drug then known as Cannabis indica (or Indian hemp). It was recommended as an appetite stimulant, muscle relaxant, analgesic, hypnotic, and anticonvulsant. In 1913, Sir William Osler reported it as the most satisfactory remedy for migraine.
One of marijuana's greatest advantages as a medicine is its remarkable safety. It has little effect on major physiological functions. There is no known case of a lethal overdose.
Marijuana is also far less addictive and far less subject to abuse than many drugs now used as muscle relaxants and pain medications.
The main active substance in cannabis, [delta-9]-tetrahydrocannabinol ([delta-9]-THC), has been available for limited purposes as a Schedule II synthetic drug since 1985. This medicine, Marinol, taken orally in capsule form, is sometimes said to eliminate the need for medical marijuana.
Patients and physicians who have tried both disagree. The dosage and duration of action of marijuana are easier to control, and other cannabinoids in the marijuana plant may modify the action of THC.
So if we do have alternatives to prescription drugs that are not addictive or lethal and can better relieve pain and suffering, why aren't they being prescribed? Primarily because it's illegal!
Other Resources
University of San Francisco Research Project
February 1997 report of UC- San Francisco collaborative effort to secure permission to investigate the use of smoked marijuana in the treatment of the HIV Wasting Syndrome.
Is it a wonder drug? Let's look at other options as opposed to the benefits claimed by proponents of medical marijuana:
Standard medications have side effects that marijuana doesn't. With many pain medications, a steady level must be maintained in the bloodstream. There is no "time off" from side effects like constipation, nausea, sleepiness, sleeplessness, "brain-fog," emotional impacts, liver damage -- the list goes on and on. Drug interactions must be monitored. Liver screens are necessary to prevent toxicity.
AIDS patients have as much difficulty ingesting medications for nausea as they do food. The medications simply don't stay down long enough to take effect. Conversely, marijuana can be inhaled, can reduce nausea, and can enhance the appetite.
For patients in pain, from cancer or other diseases or injuries, standard pain medication has many side effects: constipation, nausea, "brain-fog," dulling of the mind, addiction, and the need for more medication over time. There is also often a limitation in the amount of medication, which results in unnecessary pain between doses. Marijuana has no known level of toxicity and can be taken when and as needed.
Glaucoma can be treated by several different "legal" medications, but again can have undesirable side effects.
According to the New England Journal of Medicine, January 30, 1997, "The advanced stages of many illnesses and their treatments are often accompanied by intractable nausea, vomiting, or pain. Thousands of these patients with cancer, AIDS, and other diseases report they have obtained striking relief from these devastating symptoms by smoking marijuana."
A British study found that Cannabidiol (CBD), the non-psychoactive cannabinoid of marijuana, helped patients with Huntington's Disease, epilepsy, Tourette's Syndrome, and was found to be more effective than aspirin as an anti-inflammatory agent. CBD was found to be high in hemp fiber plants while THC -- the psychoactive ingredient of marijuana -- was very low. Conversely, CBD was found to be low in drug-type marijuana plants where the THC level is high.
These researchers found that THC is high and CBD low in marijuana grown in hot climates such as India and that marijuana grown in more temperate climates is low in THC and high in CBD.
Interestingly, use of marijuana for medical purposes is not limited to the last few decades or even this century.
From 1840 to 1900, more than 100 articles were published in European and American medical journals on the therapeutic use of the drug then known as Cannabis indica (or Indian hemp). It was recommended as an appetite stimulant, muscle relaxant, analgesic, hypnotic, and anticonvulsant. In 1913, Sir William Osler reported it as the most satisfactory remedy for migraine.
One of marijuana's greatest advantages as a medicine is its remarkable safety. It has little effect on major physiological functions. There is no known case of a lethal overdose.
Marijuana is also far less addictive and far less subject to abuse than many drugs now used as muscle relaxants and pain medications.
The main active substance in cannabis, [delta-9]-tetrahydrocannabinol ([delta-9]-THC), has been available for limited purposes as a Schedule II synthetic drug since 1985. This medicine, Marinol, taken orally in capsule form, is sometimes said to eliminate the need for medical marijuana.
Patients and physicians who have tried both disagree. The dosage and duration of action of marijuana are easier to control, and other cannabinoids in the marijuana plant may modify the action of THC.
So if we do have alternatives to prescription drugs that are not addictive or lethal and can better relieve pain and suffering, why aren't they being prescribed? Primarily because it's illegal!
Other Resources
University of San Francisco Research Project
February 1997 report of UC- San Francisco collaborative effort to secure permission to investigate the use of smoked marijuana in the treatment of the HIV Wasting Syndrome.
For more information:
http://backandneck.about.com/library/weekl...
Medical Attributes of Cannabis sativa - Marijuana
by Gina Kim, Daniel Siani, and Anastasia Gurdock
Wilkes University
Wilkes-Barre, PA
(July, 1997)
Cannabis sativa is an erect herb commonly known as hemp or marijuana, or by vernacular names such as grass, weed, refer, and pot. C. sativa is a member of the Cannabinaceae or hemp family. Marijuana can be cultivated illegally in eastern and central North America. Marijuana was legal in the United States for industrial, recreational and medicinal uses until 1937 (Anon., 1996a).
C. sativa contains about sixty various psychoactive chemicals called cannabinoids. The most active component in C. sativa is tetrahydrocannabinol or THC which is found in greatest concentrations in the flowering tops and leaves of the hemp plants. The word marijuana refers to the whole plant and the resin from hemp or also called hashish (Anon., 1996b).
Presently, C. sativa has four medicinal values. First, it is used to relieve nausea and increase appetite. Second, it brings about the reduction of intraocular pressure in glaucoma. Third, it causes a reduction of muscle spasms. Fourth, it provides relief from mild to moderate chronic pain (Anon., 1996a).
In 1975, a study was conducted testing the effects of marijuana on the cardiovascular system. People between the ages of 30-40 years, whom had never smoked marijuana were used for this experiment. Results showed that there is no direct cardiac effect of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) unless the THC dose is 50 fold. There were no changes in stimulation of ephedrine production (which stimulates the sympathetic nervous system), levels of blood glucose, lactate or pyruvates and fatty acid fractions. Changes to these effects were observed when the THC dose was 50 fold (Beacansfield, 1975).
In a study in 1982, researchers analyzed the biological effects of chronic use of marijuana in human subjects. Pathological and biochemical tests were in a normal range. Chronic use did not produce serious, harmful effects in humans and a general medical examination showed no abnormalities. The researchers also concluded that marijuana can act as a hypotensive and reduce blood sugar, which is useful for treating hypertension, especially diabetic hypertension (Singh et al., 1981).
Marijuana alleviates nausea, vomiting, and the loss of appetite which results from the chemotherapy treatment (Anon., 1996a). A study conducted on cancer patients found that 14 out 20 patients exposed to THC showed an antiemetic effect. In comparison, patients exposed to the placebo or a "marijuana-like drug" showed no antiemetic effect (Sallan et al., 1975). The study concluded that THC is an effective antiemetic for cancer patients receiving chemotherapy in a dosage of 10 mg per square meter per dose every four hours for at least three doses (Sallan et al., 1975). Also smoking the marijuana shows a stimulation of increase in appetite and it is starting to be used to treat anorexia and other eating disorders (Anon. 1996b).
A survey of oncologists found that 48% would prescribe marijuana to some patients if it was legal. Also, of these oncologists, 44% have recommended the illegal use of marijuana to patients to alleviate nausea and vomiting (Doblin and Kleiman, 1991). Another study found that smoking marijuana rather than ingesting marijuana orally resulted in 72% reduction in nausea and vomiting (Chang, et al, 1979).
In the 19th century, Cannabis was used to treat migraine headaches, which acted by blocking the pain and preventing attacks. Migraines are caused by the release of the neurotransmitter serotonin and smoking marijuana or the THC inhibited the release of serotonin. Now people with migraines smoke a small amount of marijuana when an early sign of attack appears. Researchers are not sure if the effect of cannabis on migraine is an analgesic or antiemetic (Volfe, et al., 1985).
Cannabis can be used to treat bronchial asthma. A study conducted on patients with bronchial asthma compared the effects of 500 mg of smoked marijuana (2% delta-9-THC) with 500 mg of smoked placebo marijuana (0% delta-9-THC). The marijuana immediately treated the bronchospasm but the placebo marijuana showed a gradual recovery of 30-60 minutes. It was concluded that cannabis is an effective treatment for bronchial asthma (Tashkin, et al., 1975).
There are some side effects of smoking marijuana. Most people experience a "high" which is characterized by mood changes, easy laughing, elation, heightened awareness, mild aberrations of fine motor co-ordination, and minimal distortion of their activities and interactions with others (Sallan, et al., 1975). Another common side effect is somnolence which means an inducement of sleep. When marijuana is smoked at a high dose people can undergo a paranoid ideation, apprehension, fear, panic and frightening visual hallucinations (Sallan, et al., 1975). The manifestation of the side effects are dependent upon the dose of marijuana smoked.
LITERATURE CITED
Anon. 1996a. Don't Jail Medicinal Marijuana Patients. NORML. http://www.norml.org/medical/medmj.shtml
Anon. 1996b. Tetrahydrocannabinol - THC. http://www.ch.ic.ac.wk1/vchenlib/mim/bristol/thc.htm
Beacanfield, P.C.R. 1975. Some cardiovascular effects on cannabis, experiment in 30-40 year olds. Amhearst 87:143-146.
Chang, et al. 1979. Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol as an antiemetic in cancer patients receiving high dose methotrexate. Annals of Internal Medicine 91:819-824.
Doblin, R. and M. Kleiman. 1991. Marijuana as antiemetic medicine: A survey of oncologists' experiences and attitudes. F. Cline Oncology 9:1314-1319.
Sallan, S.E., N.E. Ainberg, and E. Frex. 1975. Antiemetic effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. The New England Journal of Medicine 293:795-797.
Singh, N., S. Vrat, B. Ali, and K.P. Bhargava. 1981. An assessment of biological effects of chronic use of cannabis in human subjects. Quarterly Journal of Crude Drug Research 19: 81-91.
Tashkin, D.P., B.J. Shapiro, Y.E. Lee, and C.E. Harper. 1975. Effects of smoked marijuana in experimentally induced asthma. American Review of Respiratory Disease 112.
Volfe Z., A. Dvilansky. and I. Nathan. 1985. Cannabinoids block release of serotonin from platelets induced by plasma from migraine patients. International Journal of Clinical and Pharmacological Research 5:243-246.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This paper was developed as part of the BIO 368 - Medical Botany course offered at Wilkes University during the summer of 1997. Course instructor was Kenneth M. Klemow, Ph.D. (kklemow [at] wilkes1.wilkes.edu). The information contained herein is based on published sources, and is made available for academic purposes only. No warrantees, expressed or implied, are made about the medical usefulness or dangers associated with the plant species in question.
by Gina Kim, Daniel Siani, and Anastasia Gurdock
Wilkes University
Wilkes-Barre, PA
(July, 1997)
Cannabis sativa is an erect herb commonly known as hemp or marijuana, or by vernacular names such as grass, weed, refer, and pot. C. sativa is a member of the Cannabinaceae or hemp family. Marijuana can be cultivated illegally in eastern and central North America. Marijuana was legal in the United States for industrial, recreational and medicinal uses until 1937 (Anon., 1996a).
C. sativa contains about sixty various psychoactive chemicals called cannabinoids. The most active component in C. sativa is tetrahydrocannabinol or THC which is found in greatest concentrations in the flowering tops and leaves of the hemp plants. The word marijuana refers to the whole plant and the resin from hemp or also called hashish (Anon., 1996b).
Presently, C. sativa has four medicinal values. First, it is used to relieve nausea and increase appetite. Second, it brings about the reduction of intraocular pressure in glaucoma. Third, it causes a reduction of muscle spasms. Fourth, it provides relief from mild to moderate chronic pain (Anon., 1996a).
In 1975, a study was conducted testing the effects of marijuana on the cardiovascular system. People between the ages of 30-40 years, whom had never smoked marijuana were used for this experiment. Results showed that there is no direct cardiac effect of tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) unless the THC dose is 50 fold. There were no changes in stimulation of ephedrine production (which stimulates the sympathetic nervous system), levels of blood glucose, lactate or pyruvates and fatty acid fractions. Changes to these effects were observed when the THC dose was 50 fold (Beacansfield, 1975).
In a study in 1982, researchers analyzed the biological effects of chronic use of marijuana in human subjects. Pathological and biochemical tests were in a normal range. Chronic use did not produce serious, harmful effects in humans and a general medical examination showed no abnormalities. The researchers also concluded that marijuana can act as a hypotensive and reduce blood sugar, which is useful for treating hypertension, especially diabetic hypertension (Singh et al., 1981).
Marijuana alleviates nausea, vomiting, and the loss of appetite which results from the chemotherapy treatment (Anon., 1996a). A study conducted on cancer patients found that 14 out 20 patients exposed to THC showed an antiemetic effect. In comparison, patients exposed to the placebo or a "marijuana-like drug" showed no antiemetic effect (Sallan et al., 1975). The study concluded that THC is an effective antiemetic for cancer patients receiving chemotherapy in a dosage of 10 mg per square meter per dose every four hours for at least three doses (Sallan et al., 1975). Also smoking the marijuana shows a stimulation of increase in appetite and it is starting to be used to treat anorexia and other eating disorders (Anon. 1996b).
A survey of oncologists found that 48% would prescribe marijuana to some patients if it was legal. Also, of these oncologists, 44% have recommended the illegal use of marijuana to patients to alleviate nausea and vomiting (Doblin and Kleiman, 1991). Another study found that smoking marijuana rather than ingesting marijuana orally resulted in 72% reduction in nausea and vomiting (Chang, et al, 1979).
In the 19th century, Cannabis was used to treat migraine headaches, which acted by blocking the pain and preventing attacks. Migraines are caused by the release of the neurotransmitter serotonin and smoking marijuana or the THC inhibited the release of serotonin. Now people with migraines smoke a small amount of marijuana when an early sign of attack appears. Researchers are not sure if the effect of cannabis on migraine is an analgesic or antiemetic (Volfe, et al., 1985).
Cannabis can be used to treat bronchial asthma. A study conducted on patients with bronchial asthma compared the effects of 500 mg of smoked marijuana (2% delta-9-THC) with 500 mg of smoked placebo marijuana (0% delta-9-THC). The marijuana immediately treated the bronchospasm but the placebo marijuana showed a gradual recovery of 30-60 minutes. It was concluded that cannabis is an effective treatment for bronchial asthma (Tashkin, et al., 1975).
There are some side effects of smoking marijuana. Most people experience a "high" which is characterized by mood changes, easy laughing, elation, heightened awareness, mild aberrations of fine motor co-ordination, and minimal distortion of their activities and interactions with others (Sallan, et al., 1975). Another common side effect is somnolence which means an inducement of sleep. When marijuana is smoked at a high dose people can undergo a paranoid ideation, apprehension, fear, panic and frightening visual hallucinations (Sallan, et al., 1975). The manifestation of the side effects are dependent upon the dose of marijuana smoked.
LITERATURE CITED
Anon. 1996a. Don't Jail Medicinal Marijuana Patients. NORML. http://www.norml.org/medical/medmj.shtml
Anon. 1996b. Tetrahydrocannabinol - THC. http://www.ch.ic.ac.wk1/vchenlib/mim/bristol/thc.htm
Beacanfield, P.C.R. 1975. Some cardiovascular effects on cannabis, experiment in 30-40 year olds. Amhearst 87:143-146.
Chang, et al. 1979. Delta-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol as an antiemetic in cancer patients receiving high dose methotrexate. Annals of Internal Medicine 91:819-824.
Doblin, R. and M. Kleiman. 1991. Marijuana as antiemetic medicine: A survey of oncologists' experiences and attitudes. F. Cline Oncology 9:1314-1319.
Sallan, S.E., N.E. Ainberg, and E. Frex. 1975. Antiemetic effects of delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol in patients receiving cancer chemotherapy. The New England Journal of Medicine 293:795-797.
Singh, N., S. Vrat, B. Ali, and K.P. Bhargava. 1981. An assessment of biological effects of chronic use of cannabis in human subjects. Quarterly Journal of Crude Drug Research 19: 81-91.
Tashkin, D.P., B.J. Shapiro, Y.E. Lee, and C.E. Harper. 1975. Effects of smoked marijuana in experimentally induced asthma. American Review of Respiratory Disease 112.
Volfe Z., A. Dvilansky. and I. Nathan. 1985. Cannabinoids block release of serotonin from platelets induced by plasma from migraine patients. International Journal of Clinical and Pharmacological Research 5:243-246.
--------------------------------------------------------------------------------
This paper was developed as part of the BIO 368 - Medical Botany course offered at Wilkes University during the summer of 1997. Course instructor was Kenneth M. Klemow, Ph.D. (kklemow [at] wilkes1.wilkes.edu). The information contained herein is based on published sources, and is made available for academic purposes only. No warrantees, expressed or implied, are made about the medical usefulness or dangers associated with the plant species in question.
For more information:
http://wilkes.edu/~kklemow/Cannabis.html
It also makes it easier to believe in Marxism, anarchy, and socialism..
THE ALLIANCE RUNS IN OTHER CIRCLES... FOR INSTANCE:
PRESCOTT BUSH FUNDED HITLER JUST LIKE GEORGE BUSH SR. FUNDED SADAAM AND USAMA.
THE PATTERN RUNS IN THE FAMILY AND GEORGE JENIOR FUNDS SHARON.
THE CIRCLE IS COMPLETE FOR THESE ZIONAZI ELITE.
PRESCOTT BUSH FUNDED HITLER JUST LIKE GEORGE BUSH SR. FUNDED SADAAM AND USAMA.
THE PATTERN RUNS IN THE FAMILY AND GEORGE JENIOR FUNDS SHARON.
THE CIRCLE IS COMPLETE FOR THESE ZIONAZI ELITE.
this is your sorce???
PURE UNADULTERATED NONSENSE!
Oh really?
WHAT A CROCK ! ONE LOOK IN THE STREETS OF THIS CITY WILL PRODUCE A LAUNDRY LIST OF REASONS WHY THIS DRUG IS HARMFUL
Like I said, some people are just stupid. It is unwise to ingest any substance in quanity - you can develop carrotine poisoning from an excess of carrots. But that does not make carrots bad to eat - one just needs to use common sense.
Cannabis has been demonized since the 1930's - right when the first commercial hemp thresher was produced (1936) enabling hemp production to take off.
A little history - Cannabis was first made illegal in 1937. Who was the driving force behind the "Yellow Papers" that wrote articles of how marijuana turned people into crazed murderers? That was Willian Randolph Hearst, owner of the Hearst papers. Hearst also owned the largest paper pulp timberlands in California. Why is that important? Because ONE acre of hemp produces as much paper pulp as FOUR acres of timberland. Threatened his fiefdom...
Another little factoid - hemp cellulose can and has been used to make plastics - but in 1937 DuPont (buddies with Hearst) patented his process to use petroleum to make plastics. Hemp, a cheaper, renewable resource had to go.
Hmmm....think if the western world wasn't as dependant on oil for fuel and plastics....and fast growing hemp was used for paper pulp rather than trees that take 20 years to regrow....
Pot seems smart to me!
PURE UNADULTERATED NONSENSE!
Oh really?
WHAT A CROCK ! ONE LOOK IN THE STREETS OF THIS CITY WILL PRODUCE A LAUNDRY LIST OF REASONS WHY THIS DRUG IS HARMFUL
Like I said, some people are just stupid. It is unwise to ingest any substance in quanity - you can develop carrotine poisoning from an excess of carrots. But that does not make carrots bad to eat - one just needs to use common sense.
Cannabis has been demonized since the 1930's - right when the first commercial hemp thresher was produced (1936) enabling hemp production to take off.
A little history - Cannabis was first made illegal in 1937. Who was the driving force behind the "Yellow Papers" that wrote articles of how marijuana turned people into crazed murderers? That was Willian Randolph Hearst, owner of the Hearst papers. Hearst also owned the largest paper pulp timberlands in California. Why is that important? Because ONE acre of hemp produces as much paper pulp as FOUR acres of timberland. Threatened his fiefdom...
Another little factoid - hemp cellulose can and has been used to make plastics - but in 1937 DuPont (buddies with Hearst) patented his process to use petroleum to make plastics. Hemp, a cheaper, renewable resource had to go.
Hmmm....think if the western world wasn't as dependant on oil for fuel and plastics....and fast growing hemp was used for paper pulp rather than trees that take 20 years to regrow....
Pot seems smart to me!
"It [marijuana] also makes it easier to believe in Marxism, anarchy, and socialism.."
Ha ha!
You truly are an idiot. When you have nothing intelligent to say, you spew the most tired and moronic shit you've been told. You probably also believe there's a left-wing bias in the media.
Ha ha!
You truly are an idiot. When you have nothing intelligent to say, you spew the most tired and moronic shit you've been told. You probably also believe there's a left-wing bias in the media.
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